Impairment of ovarian follicular development caused by titanium dioxide nanoparticles exposure involved in the TGF-β/BMP/Smad pathway.

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 NPs) have been shown to induce reproductive system damages in animals. To better underline how TiO 2 NPs act in reproductive system, female mice were exposed to 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg TiO 2 NPs by gavage administration for 60 days, the ovary injuries, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels as well as ovarian follicular development-related molecule expression were investigated. The results showed that TiO 2 NPs exposure resulted in reduction of ovary weight and inhibition of ovarian follicular development. Furthermore, the suppression of follicular development was demonstrated to be closely related to higher FSH and LH levels, and higher expression of activin, follistatin, BMP2, BMP4, TGF-β1, Smad2, Smad3, and Smad4 as well as decreased inhibin-α expression in mouse ovary in a dose-dependent manner. It implies that the impairment of ovarian follicular development caused by TiO 2 NPs exposure may be mediated by TGF-β signal pathway.