Current understanding and new insights in the treatment of IgA nephropathy.

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerulonephritis worldwide, and almost all patients are at risk of progression to end-stage kidney disease within their lifetime. The mechanisms responsible for the presentation and development of IgAN are required for the development of highly targeted therapies for this disease. In this review, we first demonstrate the current treatment strategy of IgAN recommended by the 2021 KDIGO guideline. Then, we update the new insights into disease pathogenesis based on the well acknowledged 'multiple-hit hypothesis' and provide the potential therapeutic targets involved in the upstream production of pathogenic IgA1 and the downstream complement activation. Finally, the recent large randomized controlled trials focusing on these novel targets have been summarized, among which Nefecon and Sparsentan have received approval and Telitacicept have been used off-label for IgAN. In the future, emerging treatment approaches for IgAN is likely to evolve, which will signify a shift in the management of the IgAN from traditional immunosuppressive approaches to an era of targeted treatment based on the understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms.