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Mouse models of acute and chronic hepacivirus infection.

Eva BillerbeckRaphael WolfisbergUlrik FahnøeJing W XiaoCorrine QuirkJoseph M LunaJohn M CullenAlex S HartlageLuis A ChiribogaKalpana GhoshalW Ian LipkinJens BukhTroels Kasper Høyer ScheelAmit KapoorCharles M Rice
Published in: Science (New York, N.Y.) (2018)
An estimated 71 million people worldwide are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). The lack of small-animal models has impeded studies of antiviral immune mechanisms. Here we show that an HCV-related hepacivirus discovered in Norway rats can establish high-titer hepatotropic infections in laboratory mice with immunological features resembling those seen in human viral hepatitis. Whereas immune-compromised mice developed persistent infection, immune-competent mice cleared the virus within 3 to 5 weeks. Acute clearance was T cell dependent and associated with liver injury. Transient depletion of CD4+ T cells before infection resulted in chronic infection, characterized by high levels of intrahepatic regulatory T cells and expression of inhibitory molecules on intrahepatic CD8+ T cells. Natural killer cells controlled early infection but were not essential for viral clearance. This model may provide mechanistic insights into hepatic antiviral immunity, a prerequisite for the development of HCV vaccines.
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