Toll-like Receptor Mediation in SARS-CoV-2: A Therapeutic Approach.
Abdul MananRameez Hassan PirzadaMuhammad HaseebSang-Dun ChoiPublished in: International journal of molecular sciences (2022)
The innate immune system facilitates defense mechanisms against pathogen invasion and cell damage. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) assist in the activation of the innate immune system by binding to pathogenic ligands. This leads to the generation of intracellular signaling cascades including the biosynthesis of molecular mediators. TLRs on cell membranes are adept at recognizing viral components. Viruses can modulate the innate immune response with the help of proteins and RNAs that downregulate or upregulate the expression of various TLRs. In the case of COVID-19, molecular modulators such as type 1 interferons interfere with signaling pathways in the host cells, leading to an inflammatory response. Coronaviruses are responsible for an enhanced immune signature of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines. TLRs have been employed as therapeutic agents in viral infections as numerous antiviral Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs are TLR agonists. This review highlights the therapeutic approaches associated with SARS-CoV-2 and the TLRs involved in COVID-19 infection.
Keyphrases
- sars cov
- immune response
- toll like receptor
- inflammatory response
- innate immune
- drug administration
- respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- nuclear factor
- induced apoptosis
- single cell
- oxidative stress
- cell therapy
- poor prognosis
- signaling pathway
- dendritic cells
- small molecule
- lps induced
- depressive symptoms
- cell cycle arrest
- coronavirus disease
- cell death
- cell migration
- human health
- risk assessment
- pi k akt
- cell proliferation