Extensive clinical experience: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis recovery after adrenalectomy for corticotropin-independent cortisol excess.

The HPA axis recovery interval was the longest for patients with severe CS. Surprisingly, patients with moderate CS recovered their HPA axis as quickly as those with MACE. Glucocorticoid withdrawal symptoms were observed in all groups, with more events in patients with severe CS. This study emphasizes the need to counsel patients on expectations for HPA axis recovery and address intervention for GWS based on individual preoperative parameters.