Characterization of epidermal bladder cells in Chenopodium quinoa.
Sophie L OtterbachHolly KhouryThusitha RupasingheHimasha MendisKim H KwanVeronica LuiSiria H A NateraIris KlaiberNathaniel M AllenDavid E JarvisMark TesterUte RoessnerSandra M SchmöckelPublished in: Plant, cell & environment (2021)
Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa) is considered a superfood with its favourable nutrient composition and being gluten free. Quinoa has high tolerance to abiotic stresses, such as salinity, water deficit (drought) and cold. The tolerance mechanisms are yet to be elucidated. Quinoa has epidermal bladder cells (EBCs) that densely cover the shoot surface, particularly the younger parts of the plant. Here, we report on the EBC's primary and secondary metabolomes, as well as the lipidome in control conditions and in response to abiotic stresses. EBCs were isolated from plants after cold, heat, high-light, water deficit and salt treatments. We used untargeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to analyse metabolites and untargeted and targeted liquid chromatography-MS (LC-MS) for lipids and secondary metabolite analyses. We identified 64 primary metabolites, including sugars, organic acids and amino acids, 19 secondary metabolites, including phenolic compounds, betanin and saponins and 240 lipids categorized in five groups including glycerolipids and phospholipids. We found only few changes in the metabolic composition of EBCs in response to abiotic stresses; these were metabolites related with heat, cold and high-light treatments but not salt stress. Na+ concentrations were low in EBCs with all treatments and approximately two orders of magnitude lower than K+ concentrations.
Keyphrases
- gas chromatography mass spectrometry
- ms ms
- mass spectrometry
- liquid chromatography
- induced apoptosis
- cell cycle arrest
- heat stress
- high resolution mass spectrometry
- spinal cord injury
- fatty acid
- solid phase extraction
- multiple sclerosis
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- genome wide identification
- climate change
- signaling pathway
- cell death
- tandem mass spectrometry
- oxidative stress
- transcription factor
- microbial community
- simultaneous determination
- cancer therapy
- cell proliferation
- stress induced
- wound healing
- drug delivery
- celiac disease