Studies on immunotoxicity induced by emamectin benzoate in zebrafish embryos based on metabolomics.

Emamectin benzoate (EMB) is an insecticide for the control of agricultural lepidoptera pests, and also an anti-parasiticide for the control of exoparasites in aquaculture industry. Increased studies suggest that EMB could cause toxicity to non-targeted organisms, but its immunotoxicity to human remains unclear. In this study, zebrafish were used to investigate the immunotoxic effects induced by environmentally relevant doses of EMB. We observed that EMB exposure led to embryo mortality and delayed hatching, as well as increased malformations. Meanwhile, zebrafish exposed to EMB exhibited a significant decrease in the number of neutrophils and macrophages. In addition, untargeted metabolomics approach was developed to elucidate the mechanism of EMB-induced immunotoxicity. We found that a total of 10 shared biomarkers were identified in response to EMB exposure. Furthermore, pathway analysis identified glycerophospholipid metabolism was the most relevant pathway. Within this pathway, it was observed abnormal increases in glycerol 3-phosphate content, which could be attributed to the increased expression of GK5 and decreased expression of GPAT3. Our study provided novel and robust perspectives, which showed that EMB exposure to zebrafish embryos could cause metabolic disturbances that adversely affected development and immune system.