Sex Disparities in Cardiovascular Disease.
Madeline K MahowaldKhadeeja EsmailChristopher V DeSimoneCalvin ChoiHanna MieszczanskaGladys VelardePublished in: Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal (2024)
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in women. It remains underdiagnosed, undertreated, and portends worse outcomes in women than men. Disparities exist in every stage of science, from bench research to the editorial board of major journals and in every cardiovascular subspecialty. This review summarizes differences in cardiovascular risk factors and disparities in management and outcomes of ischemic heart disease, heart failure, aortic stenosis, and atrial fibrillation. It also provides an overview of female representation as participants and leaders of clinical trials, editorial boards, and academic institutions. Strategies to overcome these disparities are proposed with examples of successful programs.
Keyphrases
- cardiovascular risk factors
- cardiovascular disease
- aortic stenosis
- heart failure
- atrial fibrillation
- clinical trial
- polycystic ovary syndrome
- affordable care act
- transcatheter aortic valve replacement
- left ventricular
- ejection fraction
- public health
- aortic valve
- aortic valve replacement
- type diabetes
- transcatheter aortic valve implantation
- metabolic syndrome
- cardiovascular events
- pregnant women
- systematic review
- randomized controlled trial
- adipose tissue
- left atrial appendage
- cervical cancer screening
- breast cancer risk
- mitral valve
- insulin resistance
- venous thromboembolism
- skeletal muscle
- phase ii
- placebo controlled