Rhythmic temporal prediction enhances neural representations of movement intention for brain-computer interface.

Detecting movement intention is a typical use of brain-computer interfaces (BCI). However, as an endogenous electroencephalography (EEG) feature, the neural representation of movement is insufficient for improving motor-based BCI. This study aimed to develop a new movement augmentation BCI encoding paradigm by incorporating the cognitive function of rhythmic temporal prediction, and test the feasibility of this new paradigm in optimizing detections of movement intention. &#xD;Methods: A visual-motion synchronization task was designed with two movement intentions (left vs. right) and three rhythmic temporal prediction conditions (1000ms vs.1500ms vs. no temporal prediction). Behavioural and EEG data of 24 healthy participants were recorded. Event-related potentials (ERP), event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) induced by left- and right-finger movements, the common spatial patterns (CSP) and support vector machine, Riemann tangent space algorithm and logistic regression were used and compared across the three temporal prediction conditions, aiming to test the impact of temporal prediction on movement detection.&#xD; Results: Behavioural results showed significantly smaller deviated time for 1000ms and 1500ms conditions. ERP analyses revealed 1000ms and 1500ms conditions led to rhythmic oscillations with a time lag in contralateral and ipsilateral areas of movement. Compared with no temporal prediction, 1000ms condition exhibited greater beta ERD lateralization in motor area (p<0.001) and larger beta ERD in frontal area (p<0.001). 1000ms condition achieved an averaged left-right decoding accuracy of 89.71% using CSP and 97.30% using Riemann tangent space, both significantly higher than no temporal prediction. Moreover, movement and temporal information can be decoded simultaneously, achieving 88.51% four-classification accuracy.&#xD;Significance: The results not only confirm the effectiveness of rhythmic temporal prediction in enhancing detection ability of motor-based BCI, but also highlight the dual encodings of movement and temporal information within a single BCI paradigm, which is promising to expand the range of intentions that can be decoded by the BCI. &#xD.