Effect of TNF inhibitors on arterial stiffness and intima media thickness in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Controlling inflammation with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients is hypothesized to reduce their cardiovascular risk. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of TNF inhibitors on arterial stiffness and carotid intima media thickness (IMT) in RA. MEDLINE, EMBASE, clinicaltrials.gov , and WHO Clinical Trials Registry were searched up to September 2021 for randomized controlled trials, prospective cohort studies, and nonrandomized clinical trials evaluating the effects of TNF inhibitors on pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation index (AIx), and IMT in RA. A meta-analysis was performed to assess changes of these measures after therapy during different follow-up periods. Risk of bias assessment was performed using an adjusted Downs and Black checklist (INPLASY: 2022-1-0131). Thirty studies were identified from 1436 records, of which 23 were included in the meta-analysis. PWV and AIx showed a decrease after treatment (PWV: mean difference (MD) -0.51 m/s (95% CI: -0.96, -0.06), p=0.027; AIx: MD -0.57% (95% CI: -2.11, 0.96), p=0.463, sensitivity analysis AIx: MD -1.21% (95% CI: -2.60, 0.19), p=0.089). For IMT, there was a slight increase in the first months of follow-up, but this disappeared on the long-term (overall timepoints MD -0.01 mm (95% CI: -0.04, 0.02), p=0.615). Heterogeneity was high in the overall analyses and subgroups with long follow-up periods (≥12 months). The included studies showed mixed results of the effects of TNF inhibitors on the surrogate markers. The pooled results suggest that PWV and AIx decrease over time, while IMT remains stable. This indicates a favorable effect of TNF inhibitors on the cardiovascular disease risk, all the more since these markers also increase with age.