Early Developmental Characteristics and Features of a Three-Dimensional Retinal Organoid Model of X-Linked Juvenile Retinoschisis.

X-linked juvenile retinoschisis (XLRS) is a hereditary retinal degeneration affecting young males caused by mutations in the retinoschisin ( RS1 ) gene. We generated human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) from XLRS patients and established three-dimensional retinal organoids (ROs) for disease investigation. This disease model recapitulates the characteristics of XLRS, exhibiting defects in RS1 protein production and photoreceptor cell development. XLRS ROs also revealed dysregulation of Na/K-ATPase due to RS1 deficiency and increased ERK signaling pathway activity. Transcriptomic analyses of XLRS ROs showed decreased expression of retinal cells, particularly photoreceptor cells. Furthermore, relevant recovery of the XLRS phenotype was observed when co-cultured with control ROs derived from healthy subject during the early stages of differentiation. In conclusion, our in vitro XLRS RO model presents a valuable tool for elucidating the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying XLRS, offering insights into disease progression. Additionally, this model serves as a robust platform for the development and optimization of targeted therapeutic strategies, potentially improving treatment outcomes for patients with XLRS.