The Problem of Pain in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: An Explication of the Role of Biopsychosocial Mechanisms.

Disease activity only explained 33% of the variance in pain outcomes. However, there was an attenuation in these associations after accounting for psychosocial/behavioral factors, highlighting their roles in modifying the relationship between disease activity and pain. These findings suggest that multilevel interventions may be needed to tackle the negative effect of pain in SLE.