Single- versus Multiple-Tract Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy in the Surgical Management of Staghorn Stones or Complex Caliceal Calculi: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

This meta-analysis indicated that STPCNL is an effective method for treating complex caliceal calculi or staghorn stones. Compared with MTPCNL, STPCNL not only yields similarly high SFRs but also is associated with many advantages, less blood loss, fewer blood transfusions, and fewer pulmonary complications without an increase in other complications. However, the findings of this study should be further confirmed by well-designed prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with a larger patient series.