Immunomodulatory Effect of Vitamin D and Its Potential Role in the Prevention and Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus-A Narrative Review.
Karolina RakMonika BronkowskaPublished in: Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) (2018)
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic autoimmune disease associated with degeneration of pancreatic β-cells that results in an inability to produce insulin and the need for exogenous insulin administration. It is a significant global health problem as the incidence of this disorder is increasing worldwide. The causes are still poorly understood, although it certainly has genetic and environmental origins. Vitamin D formed profusely in the skin upon exposure to sunlight, as well as from dietary sources, exhibits an immunomodulatory effect based on gene transcription control. Indeed, vitamin D can downregulate mechanisms connected with adaptive immunity, induce immunological tolerance and decrease auto-aggression-related inflammation. These properties provide the basis for a preventive and therapeutic role of vitamin D. As many studies have demonstrated, appropriate supplementation with vitamin D reduces the risk of autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes mellitus, and alleviates disease symptoms in patients. The aim of this narrative review is to present the molecular mechanisms for the vitamin D immunomodulatory effect as well as review human clinical studies on the use of vitamin D as adjuvant therapy in type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Keyphrases
- type diabetes
- global health
- glycemic control
- end stage renal disease
- endothelial cells
- oxidative stress
- induced apoptosis
- genome wide
- public health
- metabolic syndrome
- adipose tissue
- multiple sclerosis
- chronic kidney disease
- transcription factor
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- peritoneal dialysis
- skeletal muscle
- cardiovascular disease
- cardiovascular risk factors
- mouse model
- signaling pathway
- combination therapy
- replacement therapy
- smoking cessation
- patient reported
- soft tissue