A wastewater-based evaluation of the effectiveness of codeine control measures in Australia.

Benjamin J Tscharke Jake William O'BrienFahad AhmedLynn NguyenMaulik GhetiaGary Chung Kai Chan Thai Ha PhiCobus GerberRichard BadeJochen MuellerKevin V ThomasJason WhiteWayne Denis Hall

Published in: Addiction (Abingdon, England) (2022)

Wastewater analysis shows that codeine consumption in Australia decreased by approximately 37% following its rescheduling as a prescription-only medicine in 2018. Wastewater-based epidemiology can be used to evaluate changes in population pharmaceutical consumption in responses to changes in drug scheduling.

Keyphrases

wastewater treatment
anaerobic digestion
randomized controlled trial
risk factors
emergency department
adverse drug