Glioblastoma Vaccines as Promising Immune-Therapeutics: Challenges and Current Status.
Asmae Squalli HoussainiSalma LamrabetJean Paul NshizirunguNadia SenhajiMohammed SekalMehdi KarkouriSanae BennisPublished in: Vaccines (2024)
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive malignant brain tumor. Standard treatments including surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, have failed to significantly improve the prognosis of glioblastoma patients. Currently, immunotherapeutic approaches based on vaccines, chimeric antigen-receptor T-cells, checkpoint inhibitors, and oncolytic virotherapy are showing promising results in clinical trials. The combination of different immunotherapeutic approaches is proving satisfactory and promising. In view of the challenges of immunotherapy and the resistance of glioblastomas, the treatment of these tumors requires further efforts. In this review, we explore the obstacles that potentially influence the efficacy of the response to immunotherapy and that should be taken into account in clinical trials. This article provides a comprehensive review of vaccine therapy for glioblastoma. In addition, we identify the main biomarkers, including isocitrate dehydrogenase, epidermal growth factor receptor, and telomerase reverse transcriptase, known as potential immunotherapeutic targets in glioblastoma, as well as the current status of clinical trials. This paper also lists proposed solutions to overcome the obstacles facing immunotherapy in glioblastomas.
Keyphrases
- clinical trial
- current status
- epidermal growth factor receptor
- end stage renal disease
- early stage
- newly diagnosed
- dna damage
- ejection fraction
- tyrosine kinase
- phase ii
- radiation therapy
- small molecule
- advanced non small cell lung cancer
- randomized controlled trial
- squamous cell carcinoma
- cell cycle
- patient reported outcomes
- open label
- risk assessment
- radiation induced
- oxidative stress
- phase iii
- double blind