Exposure Assessment of Acetamide in Milk, Beef, and Coffee Using Xanthydrol Derivatization and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry.
Ramin VismehDiane HaddadJanette MooreChandra NielsonBryan BalsTim CampbellAllen JulianFarzaneh TeymouriArthur Daniel JonesVenkataraman BringiPublished in: Journal of agricultural and food chemistry (2017)
Acetamide has been classified as a possible human carcinogen, but uncertainties exist about its levels in foods. This report presents evidence that thermal decomposition of N-acetylated sugars and amino acids in heated gas chromatograph injectors contributes to artifactual acetamide in milk and beef. An alternative gas chromatography/mass spectrometry protocol based on derivatization of acetamide with 9-xanthydrol was optimized and shown to be free of artifactual acetamide formation. The protocol was validated using a surrogate analyte approach based on d3-acetamide and applied to analyze 23 pasteurized whole milk, 44 raw sirloin beef, and raw milk samples from 14 different cows, and yielded levels about 10-fold lower than those obtained by direct injection without derivatization. The xanthydrol derivatization procedure detected acetamide in every food sample tested at 390 ± 60 ppb in milk, 400 ± 80 ppb in beef, and 39 000 ± 9000 ppb in roasted coffee beans.
Keyphrases
- gas chromatography mass spectrometry
- solid phase extraction
- gas chromatography
- randomized controlled trial
- endothelial cells
- high performance liquid chromatography
- liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
- ms ms
- mass spectrometry
- liquid chromatography
- simultaneous determination
- climate change
- ultrasound guided
- preterm infants
- preterm birth