Nitric Oxide Metabolism Affects Germination in Botrytis cinerea and Is Connected to Nitrate Assimilation.
Francisco Anta-FernándezDaniela Santander-GordónSioly BecerraRodrigo SantamaríaJosé María Díaz-MínguezErnesto Pérez BenitoPublished in: Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) (2022)
Nitric oxide regulates numerous physiological processes in species from all taxonomic groups. Here, its role in the early developmental stages of the fungal necrotroph Botrytis cinerea was investigated. Pharmacological analysis demonstrated that NO modulated germination, germ tube elongation and nuclear division rate. Experimental evidence indicates that exogenous NO exerts an immediate but transitory negative effect, slowing down germination-associated processes, and that this effect is largely dependent on the flavohemoglobin BCFHG1. The fungus exhibited a "biphasic response" to NO, being more sensitive to low and high concentrations than to intermediate levels of the NO donor. Global gene expression analysis in the wild-type and Δ Bcfhg 1 strains indicated a situation of strong nitrosative and oxidative stress determined by exogenous NO, which was much more intense in the mutant strain, that the cells tried to alleviate by upregulating several defense mechanisms, including the simultaneous upregulation of the genes encoding the flavohemoglobin BCFHG1, a nitronate monooxygenase (NMO) and a cyanide hydratase. Genetic evidence suggests the coordinated expression of Bcfhg 1 and the NMO coding gene, both adjacent and divergently arranged, in response to NO. Nitrate assimilation genes were upregulated upon exposure to NO, and BCFHG1 appeared to be the main enzymatic system involved in the generation of the signal triggering their induction. Comparative expression analysis also showed the influence of NO on other cellular processes, such as mitochondrial respiration or primary and secondary metabolism, whose response could have been mediated by NmrA-like domain proteins.
Keyphrases
- genome wide identification
- nitric oxide
- genome wide
- wild type
- oxidative stress
- hydrogen peroxide
- transcription factor
- induced apoptosis
- poor prognosis
- nitric oxide synthase
- copy number
- dna methylation
- escherichia coli
- cell proliferation
- drinking water
- genome wide analysis
- mass spectrometry
- signaling pathway
- bioinformatics analysis
- high resolution
- cell death