Production of High Levels of 3 S ,3' S -Astaxanthin in Yarrowia lipolytica via Iterative Metabolic Engineering.

Astaxanthin is a highly value-added keto-carotenoid compound. The astaxanthin 3 S ,3' S -isomer is more desirable for food additives, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals due to health concerns about chemically synthesized counterparts with a mixture of three isomers. Biosynthesis of 3 S ,3' S -astaxanthin suffers from limited content and productivity. We engineered Yarrowia lipolytica to produce high levels of 3 S ,3' S -astaxanthin. We first assessed various β-carotene ketolases (CrtW) and β-carotene hydroxylases (CrtZ) from two algae and a plant. HpCrtW and HpCrtZ from Haematococcus pluvialis exhibited the strongest activity in converting β-carotene into astaxanthin in Y. lipolytica . We then fine-tuned the HpCrtW and HpCrtZ transcriptional expression by increasing the rounds of gene integration into the genome and applied a modular enzyme assembly of HpCrtW and HpCrtZ simultaneously. Next, we rescued leucine biosynthesis in the engineered Y. lipolytica , leading to a five-fold increase in biomass. The astaxanthin production achieved from these strategies was 3.3 g/L or 41.3 mg/g dry cell weight under fed-batch conditions, which is the highest level reported in microbial chassis to date. This study provides the potential for industrial production of 3 S ,3' S -astaxanthin, and this strategy empowers us to build a sustainable biorefinery platform for generating other value-added carotenoids in the future.