Extracellular Vesicles as Innovative Tool for Diagnosis, Regeneration and Protection against Neurological Damage.
Pavle AndjusMaja KosanovićKatarina MilićevićMukesh GautamSeppo J VainioDenis JagečićElena N KozlovaAugustas PivoriūnasJuan-Carlos ChachquesMirena SakajGiulia BrunelloDinko MitrecicBarbara ZavanPublished in: International journal of molecular sciences (2020)
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have recently attracted a great deal of interest as they may represent a new biosignaling paradigm. According to the mode of biogenesis, size and composition, two broad categories of EVs have been described, exosomes and microvesicles. EVs have been shown to carry cargoes of signaling proteins, RNA species, DNA and lipids. Once released, their content is selectively taken up by near or distant target cells, influencing their behavior. Exosomes are involved in cell-cell communication in a wide range of embryonic developmental processes and in fetal-maternal communication. In the present review, an outline of the role of EVs in neural development, regeneration and diseases is presented. EVs can act as regulators of normal homeostasis, but they can also promote either neuroinflammation/degeneration or tissue repair in pathological conditions, depending on their content. Since EV molecular cargo constitutes a representation of the origin cell status, EVs can be exploited in the diagnosis of several diseases. Due to their capability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), EVs not only have been suggested for the diagnosis of central nervous system disorders by means of minimally invasive procedures, i.e., "liquid biopsies", but they are also considered attractive tools for targeted drug delivery across the BBB. From the therapeutic perspective, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent one of the most promising sources of EVs. In particular, the neuroprotective properties of MSCs derived from the dental pulp are here discussed.
Keyphrases
- mesenchymal stem cells
- stem cells
- cell therapy
- umbilical cord
- single cell
- drug delivery
- minimally invasive
- bone marrow
- induced apoptosis
- blood brain barrier
- oxidative stress
- lymph node
- pregnant women
- inflammatory response
- signaling pathway
- ionic liquid
- cell death
- cell proliferation
- lipopolysaccharide induced
- fatty acid
- transcription factor
- wound healing
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- cell free
- circulating tumor cells