An systematic review of e-learning outcomes in undergraduate dental radiology curricula-levels of learning and implications for researchers and curriculum planners.

The learning objectives, e-learning intervention, outcome measures and reporting methods were diverse and not well reported. This makes comparison between studies and an understanding of how interventions contributed to learning impractical. Future studies need to define "knowledge" levels and performance tasks undertaken in the planning and execution of e-learning interventions and their assessment methods. Such a framework and approach will focus our understanding in what ways e-learning is effective and how it contributes to better evidence-based e-learning experiences.