Management of brain metastases from lung cancer in the era of immunotherapy: a review of the literature.
Antonello VecciaStefania KinspergherMariachiara DipasqualeOrazio CaffoPublished in: Future oncology (London, England) (2021)
The brain is one of the most frequent sites of metastases in lung cancer patients, whose prognosis is related to the histological, biomolecular and clinical features of the disease. Over the years, the survival has improved significantly with the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), but there are limited data concerning their efficacy in patients with brain metastases. The aim of this review is to describe the biological mechanisms supporting the use of immunotherapy for brain metastases and the outcomes experienced by lung cancer patients with brain involvement enrolled in Phase III registration trials of ICIs. We also review retrospective data on ICIs alone or combined with brain radiotherapy, and indicate future directions for preclinical and clinical research.
Keyphrases
- brain metastases
- small cell lung cancer
- phase iii
- resting state
- white matter
- end stage renal disease
- electronic health record
- functional connectivity
- newly diagnosed
- open label
- ejection fraction
- clinical trial
- big data
- cerebral ischemia
- prognostic factors
- stem cells
- radiation therapy
- multiple sclerosis
- patient reported outcomes
- type diabetes
- cross sectional
- machine learning
- metabolic syndrome
- squamous cell carcinoma
- radiation induced
- peritoneal dialysis
- blood brain barrier
- mesenchymal stem cells
- locally advanced
- cell therapy
- brain injury
- free survival
- study protocol
- patient reported