Maternal Gut Microbiome Decelerates Fetal Endochondral Bone Formation by Inducing Inflammatory Reaction.
Yoko Uchida-FukuharaTakako HattoriShanqi FuSei KondoMiho KuwaharaDaiki FukuharaMd Monirul IslamKota KataokaDaisuke EkuniSatoshi KubotaManabu MoritaMika IikegameHirohiko OkamuraPublished in: Microorganisms (2022)
To investigate the effect of the maternal gut microbiome on fetal endochondral bone formation, fetuses at embryonic day 18 were obtained from germ-free (GF) and specific-pathogen-free (SPF) pregnant mothers. Skeletal preparation of the fetuses' whole bodies did not show significant morphological alterations; however, micro-CT analysis of the tibiae showed a lower bone volume fraction in the SPF tibia. Primary cultured chondrocytes from fetal SPF rib cages showed a lower cell proliferation and lower accumulation of the extracellular matrix. RNA-sequencing analysis showed the induction of inflammation-associated genes such as the interleukin (IL) 17 receptor, IL 6, and immune-response genes in SPF chondrocytes. These data indicate that the maternal gut microbiome in SPF mice affects fetal embryonic endochondral ossification, possibly by changing the expression of genes related to inflammation and the immune response in fetal cartilage. The gut microbiome may modify endochondral ossification in the fetal chondrocytes passing through the placenta.
Keyphrases
- extracellular matrix
- immune response
- cell proliferation
- oxidative stress
- genome wide
- birth weight
- poor prognosis
- single cell
- computed tomography
- dna methylation
- endothelial cells
- transcription factor
- electronic health record
- adipose tissue
- toll like receptor
- gene expression
- genome wide identification
- body composition
- dendritic cells
- machine learning
- bone mineral density
- artificial intelligence
- high resolution
- inflammatory response
- insulin resistance
- postmenopausal women
- image quality
- bone loss
- weight loss