Could very low-calorie ketogenic diets turn off low grade inflammation in obesity? Emerging evidence.
Luigi BarreaMassimiliano CaprioMikiko WatanabeGiuseppe CammarataAlessandra FeracoGiovanna MuscogiuriLudovica VerdeAnnamaria ColaoSilvia Savastanonull nullPublished in: Critical reviews in food science and nutrition (2022)
Obesity is an emerging non-communicable disease associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress, compounded by the development of many obesity-related diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and a range of cancers. Originally developed for the treatment of epilepsy in drug non-responder children, the ketogenic diet (KD) is being increasingly used in the treatment of many diseases, including obesity and obesity-related conditions. The KD is a dietary pattern characterized by high fat intake, moderate to low protein consumption, and very low carbohydrate intake (<50 g) that has proved to be an effective and weight-loss tool. In addition, it also appears to be a dietary intervention capable of improving the inflammatory state and oxidative stress in individuals with obesity by means of several mechanisms. The main activity of the KD has been linked to improving mitochondrial function and decreasing oxidative stress. β-hydroxybutyrate, the most studied ketone body, has been shown to reduce the production of reactive oxygen species, improving mitochondrial respiration. In addition, KDs exert anti-inflammatory activity through several mechanisms, e.g., by inhibiting activation of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, and the inflammatory nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3, and inhibiting histone deacetylases. Given the rising interest in the topic, this review looks at the underlying anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms of KDs and their possible recruitment in the treatment of obesity and obesity-related disorders.
Keyphrases
- weight loss
- oxidative stress
- insulin resistance
- metabolic syndrome
- bariatric surgery
- low grade
- weight gain
- type diabetes
- high fat diet induced
- roux en y gastric bypass
- nuclear factor
- cardiovascular disease
- gastric bypass
- high grade
- randomized controlled trial
- anti inflammatory
- reactive oxygen species
- toll like receptor
- induced apoptosis
- glycemic control
- small molecule
- dna methylation
- emergency department
- signaling pathway
- coronary artery disease
- diabetic rats
- drug induced
- young adults
- obese patients
- adipose tissue
- combination therapy
- fluorescent probe
- quantum dots
- electronic health record
- high intensity
- protein protein