Fluoride Can Damage the Spleen of Mice by Perturbing Th1/Th2 Cell Balance.
Yanyan LiXiaoping DuYangfei ZhaoJinming WangJundong WangPublished in: Biological trace element research (2020)
To investigate the mechanism of fluoride-induced splenic toxicity, 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg/L sodium fluoride (NaF) were administered in male mice via drinking water for 90 days. After NaF treatment, the histological structure of the spleen, the proportion of helper T 1 cell (Th1) and helper T 2 cell (Th2), and the relative expression levels of cytokines and T-bet and GATA3 were analyzed. The results showed that 50 and 100 mg/L NaF consumption can change the normal structure of mouse spleen and the proportion of Th1/Th2 cells. It also decreased the mRNA expression levels of IL-2, INF-γ, and TGF-β, but increased the levels of IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10. Importantly, fluoride increased the protein expression of GATA3 but decreased the expression of T-bet. Our findings indicate that superfluous fluoride intake damages the balance of Th1/Th2 cells by changing the levels of T-bet and GATA3 in the spleen, and further changes the expression of Th1/Th2 cell-related cytokines in the spleen microenvironment, eventually leading to spleen injury.
Keyphrases
- drinking water
- poor prognosis
- induced apoptosis
- pet ct
- health risk assessment
- health risk
- transcription factor
- oxidative stress
- cell cycle arrest
- single cell
- regulatory t cells
- stem cells
- binding protein
- dendritic cells
- long non coding rna
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- cell death
- type diabetes
- transforming growth factor
- physical activity
- adipose tissue
- high glucose
- pi k akt
- epithelial mesenchymal transition
- replacement therapy