Associations of Pap test utilisation with comorbidity and functional impairment among middle-aged non-Hispanic black women in the USA: a cross-sectional analysis of the 2018 BRFSS data.

Comorbidity or functional impairment could be a potential barrier to Pap test utilisation among middle-aged NHB women in the USA. Our study highlights the importance of implementing targeted intervention programmes and prioritised health resource allocation to promote Pap test utilisation. Cohort studies with clear temporality and indicators reflecting disease severity will be essential for further understanding this association.