Caregiving burden and self-efficacy mediate the association between individual characteristics and depressive symptoms among husbands of Chinese breast cancer patients.

Male gender role norms and AEE might affect depressive symptoms among husbands of Chinese BCP through caregiving-related perceptions. Future interventions that reduce those husbands' barriers to express emotions, appreciate their commitment to take good care of their spouses, enhance caregiving skills, and reduce caregiving burden may decrease their depressive symptoms.