Associations between Source-Specific Fine Particulate Matter and Mortality and Hospital Admissions in Beijing, China.

The health effects of PM 2.5 exposure have become a major public concern in developing countries. Identifying major PM 2.5 sources and quantifying the health effects at the population level are essential for controlling PM 2.5 pollution and formulating targeted emissions reduction policies. In the current study, we have obtained PM 2.5 mass data and used positive matrix factorization to identify the major sources of PM 2.5 . We evaluated the relationship between short-term exposure to PM 2.5 sources and mortality or hospital admissions in Beijing, China, using 441 742 deaths and 9 420 305 hospital admissions from 2013 to 2018. We found positive associations for coal combustion and road dust sources with mortality. Increased hospital admission risks were significantly associated with sources of vehicle exhaust, coal combustion, secondary sulfates, and secondary nitrates. Compared to the cool season, excess mortality risk estimates of coal combustion source were significantly higher in the warm season. Our findings show that reducing more toxic sources of PM 2.5 , especially coal emissions, and developing clean energy alternatives can have critical implications for improving air quality and protecting public health.