A galactose-mediated targeting nanoprobe for intracellular hydroxyl radical imaging to predict drug-induced liver injury.
Bailing MaMi LuBo-Yang YuJiangwei TianPublished in: RSC advances (2018)
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a serious concern in modern medicine due to its unpredictability. Currently, biochemical serum markers are being used in DILI detection. However, these biomarker-based methods lack sensitivity and specificity. A high intracellular level of hydroxyl radicals (˙OH) has been regarded as an early indicator of DILI. Therefore, we proposed an ˙OH-responsive and hepatocyte-targeted nanoprobe via conjugation of carboxyfluorescein-labeled DNA and pegylated galactose on the surface of gold nanoparticles. The nanoprobe could bind to a hepatocyte-specific asialoglycoprotein receptor through galactose, and it could be internalized into liver cells. In the presence of high levels of ˙OH in DILI, the DNA could be cleaved to release carboxyfluorescein, leading to remarkable fluorescence enhancement for ˙OH detection. Confocal fluorescence imaging demonstrated that the nanoprobe could be successfully applied in monitoring high ˙OH levels resulting from acetaminophen or triptolide-induced liver injury, which may provide a simple but powerful protocol for the prediction of DILI.
Keyphrases
- drug induced
- liver injury
- fluorescence imaging
- living cells
- single molecule
- gold nanoparticles
- cancer therapy
- circulating tumor
- adverse drug
- induced apoptosis
- cell free
- photodynamic therapy
- loop mediated isothermal amplification
- high resolution
- randomized controlled trial
- label free
- real time pcr
- fluorescent probe
- reactive oxygen species
- cell cycle arrest
- emergency department
- optical coherence tomography
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- cell proliferation
- cell death
- circulating tumor cells
- recombinant human