Arming cytotoxic lymphocytes for cancer immunotherapy by means of the NKG2D/NKG2D-ligand system.

Thus far, NKG2D-CAR engineered lymphocytes represent the most advanced therapeutic approach utilizing the NKG2D system. Similarly to other tumor-targeting CAR approaches, NKG2D-CAR cells demonstrate powerful on-target activity, but may also cause off-tumor toxicities or lose efficacy, if NKG2DL expression by tumors is reduced. However, NKG2D-CAR cells also act on the tumor microenvironment curtailing its immunosuppressive properties, thus providing an independent therapeutic benefit. The potency of tumoricidal NKG2D-expressing lymphocytes can be further boosted by enhancing NKG2DL expression through small molecules and therapeutic antibodies inhibiting tumor-associated shedding of NKG2DL.