The combination of endurance exercise and SGTC (Salvia-Ginseng-Trigonella-Cinnamon) ameliorate mitochondrial markers' overexpression with sufficient ATP production in the skeletal muscle of mice fed AGEs-rich high-fat diet.

The highly significant overexpression of mitochondrial markers may be in response to free fatty acid overload. However, the lack of significant change in the ATP level may be a result of ROS generation due to electron leakage in the AGEsRAGE axis and electron transport chain. Almost all treatments ameliorate mitochondrial markers' overexpression. The SGTC appears to regulate this with its antioxidant properties. Instead, exercise upregulated mitochondrial markers efficiently; however, the most efficient results, i.e. the most ATP production among the treatments, were observed in the Ex + SGTC group.