Digital Pregnancy Test Powered by an Air-Breathing Paper-Based Microfluidic Fuel Cell Stack Using Human Urine as Fuel.
Irma Lucia Vera-EstradaJuan Manuel Olivares-RamírezJuvenal Rodríguez-ReséndizAndrés DectorJorge Domingo Mendiola-SantibañezDiana María Amaya-CruzAdrían Sosa-DomínguezDavid Ortega-DíazDiana DectorVictor Manuel Ovando-MedinaIveth Dalila Antonio-CarmonaPublished in: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) (2022)
The direct integration of paper-based microfluidic fuel cells (μFC's) toward creating autonomous lateral flow assays has attracted attention. Here, we show that an air-breathing paper-based μFC could be used as a power supply in pregnancy tests by oxidizing the human urine used for the diagnosis. We present an air-breathing paper-based μFC connected to a pregnancy test, and for the first time, as far as we know, it is powered by human urine without needing any external electrolyte. It uses TiO2-Ni as anode and Pt/C as cathode; the performance shows a maximum value of voltage and current and power densities of ∼0.96 V, 1.00 mA cm-2, and 0.23 mW cm-2, respectively. Furthermore, we present a simple design of a paper-based μFC's stack powered with urine that shows a maximum voltage and maximum current and power densities of ∼1.89 V, 2.77 mA cm-2 and 1.38 mW cm-2, respectively, which powers the display of a pregnancy test allowing to see the analysis results.
Keyphrases
- endothelial cells
- preterm birth
- single cell
- high throughput
- induced pluripotent stem cells
- pluripotent stem cells
- induced apoptosis
- circulating tumor cells
- stem cells
- working memory
- gold nanoparticles
- bone marrow
- signaling pathway
- ionic liquid
- reduced graphene oxide
- metal organic framework
- endoplasmic reticulum stress