Whole-genome resequencing deciphers patterns of genetic diversity, phylogeny, and evolutionary dynamics in Kashmir cattle.

Kashmir cattle, which were kept by local pastoralists for centuries, are exceptionally resilient and adaptive to harsh environments. Despite its significance, the genomic characteristics of this cattle breed remain elusive. This study utilized whole genome sequences of Kashmir cattle (n = 20; newly sequenced) alongside published whole genomes of 32 distinct breeds and seven core cattle populations (n = 135). The analysis identified ~25.87 million biallelic single nucleotide polymorphisms in Kashmir cattle, predominantly in intergenic and intron regions. Population structure analyses revealed distinct clustering patterns of Kashmir cattle with proximity to the South Asian, African and Chinese indicine cattle populations. Genetic diversity analysis of Kashmir cattle demonstrated lower inbreeding and greater nucleotide diversity than analyzed global breeds. Homozygosity runs indicated less consanguineous mating in Kashmir cattle compared with European taurine breeds. Furthermore, six selection sweep detection methods were used within Kashmir cattle and other cattle populations to identify genes associated with vital traits, including immunity (BOLA-DQA5, BOLA-DQB, TNFAIP8L, FCRL4, AOAH, HIF1AN, FBXL3, MPEG1, CDC40, etc.), reproduction (GOLGA4, BRWD1, OSBP2, LEO1 ADCY5, etc.), growth (ADPRHL1, NRG2, TCF12, TMOD4, GBP4, IGF2, RSPO3, SCD, etc.), milk composition (MRPS30 and CSF1) and high-altitude adaptation (EDNRA, ITPR2, AGBL4 and SCG3). These findings provide essential genetic insights into the characteristics and establish the foundation for the scientific conservation and utilization of Kashmir cattle breed.