Tongue cleaning in the elderly and its role in the respiratory and swallowing functions: Benefits and medical perspectives.

Oral dysfunction, including oral uncleanness and decline in tongue motor function, tongue pressure and swallowing function, precedes frailty. The tongue's dorsum is a reservoir of oral microbiota, desquamated epithelial mucosa and leukocytes due to the multi-papillate anatomy, and leads to tongue coating. The tongue coating is frequently found in older adults because of hyposalivation, immunity's hypoactivity, diminished motor function and compromised tongue's pressure with age. Anaerobe-driven volatile sulphur compounds in tongue coating are a major cause of intra-oral malodor. Dysbiosis of the tongue-coating microbiome rather than the amount of microorganisms is associated with a risk of aspiration pneumonia. Daily tongue cleaning with a brush or scraper is an easy way to control tongue coating deposits and quality. Using mouth wash or rinse-containing germicides is also a way to control the microbiota of tongue coating. The tongue function is closely related to swallowing. Tongue and suprahyoid muscles are linked with respiratory muscles through the endothoracic fascia. The mechanical stimulation during the cleaning of the tongue may stimulate the respiratory muscles. An intervention trial revealed that tongue cleaning by mucosal brush improves tongue pressure, swallowing and respiratory function in old residents of nursing homes, suggesting a rehabilitative effect of tongue cleaning on the swallowing and respiratory functions, preventing aspiration pneumonia. This narrative review assesses the tongue-cleaning benefits for respiratory and swallowing functions and the possibility of preventing aspiration pneumonia.