CD4 T-Cell Subsets and the Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Raquel Gomez-BrisAngela SaezBeatriz Herrero-FernandezCristina RiusHector Sanchez-MartinezJose-Maria Gonzalez-GranadoPublished in: International journal of molecular sciences (2023)
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an umbrella term for the chronic immune-mediated idiopathic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, manifesting as Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC). IBD is characterized by exacerbated innate and adaptive immunity in the gut in association with microbiota dysbiosis and the disruption of the intestinal barrier, resulting in increased bacterial exposure. In response to signals from microorganisms and damaged tissue, innate immune cells produce inflammatory cytokines and factors that stimulate T and B cells of the adaptive immune system, and a prominent characteristic of IBD patients is the accumulation of inflammatory T-cells and their proinflammatory-associated cytokines in intestinal tissue. Upon antigen recognition and activation, CD4 T-cells differentiate towards a range of distinct phenotypes: T helper(h)1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, T follicular helper (Tfh), and several types of T-regulatory cells (Treg). T-cells are generated according to and adapt to microenvironmental conditions and participate in a complex network of interactions among other immune cells that modulate the further progression of IBD. This review examines the role of the CD4 T-cells most relevant to IBD, highlighting how these cells adapt to the environment and interact with other cell populations to promote or inhibit the development of IBD.
Keyphrases
- ulcerative colitis
- induced apoptosis
- immune response
- oxidative stress
- cell cycle arrest
- end stage renal disease
- regulatory t cells
- dendritic cells
- ejection fraction
- chronic kidney disease
- stem cells
- preterm infants
- transcription factor
- systematic review
- randomized controlled trial
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- cell therapy
- mesenchymal stem cells
- patient reported outcomes
- preterm birth
- cell proliferation