Nocturnal activity in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Evidence for flexible sleeping patterns and insights into human evolution.
Nikki TaggMaureen McCarthyPaula DieguezGaëlle BocksbergerJacob WillieRoger MundryFiona A StewartMimi ArandjelovicJane WidnessAnja LandsmannAnthony AgborSamuel AngedakinAyuk Emmanuel AyimisinMattia BessoneGregory BrazzolaKatherine CorogenesTobias DeschnerEmmanuel DilambakaManasseh Eno-NkuHenk EshuisAnnemarie GoedmakersAnne-Céline GranjonJosephine HeadVeerle HermansSorrel JonesParag KadamMohamed KambiKevin E LangergraberVincent LapeyreJuan LapuenteKevin LeeVera LeinertGiovanna MarettiSergio MarrocoliAmelia MeierSonia NichollEmmanuelle NormandLucy Jayne OrmsbyAlexander K PielOrume RobinsonVolker SommerMartijn Ter HeegdeAlexander TickleEls TonJoost van SchijndelHilde VanleeuweVirginie VergnesErin WesslingRoman M WittigKlaus ZuberbuehlerHjalmar KuehlChristophe BoeschPublished in: American journal of physical anthropology (2018)
Chimpanzee terrestrial nocturnal activity appears widespread yet infrequent, which suggests a consolidated sleeping pattern. Nocturnal activity may be driven by the stress of high daily temperatures and may be enabled at low levels of human activity. Human activity may exert a relatively greater influence on chimpanzee nocturnal behavior than predator presence. We suggest that chimpanzee nocturnal activity is flexible, enabling them to respond to changing environmental factors.