COVID-19 and the Endocrine System: A Comprehensive Review on the Theme.
Giuseppe LiscoDe Tullio AnnaAssunta StragapedeAntonio Giovanni SolimandoFederica AlbaneseMartina CapobiancoVito Angelo GiagulliEdoardo GuastamacchiaGiovanni De PergolaAngelo VaccaVito RacanelliTriggiani VincenzoPublished in: Journal of clinical medicine (2021)
Scientific and institutional websites and databases were searched and data were collected and organized, when plausible, to angle the discussion toward the following clinical issues. (1) Are patients with COVID-19 at higher risk of developing acute or late-onset endocrine diseases or dysfunction? (2) May the underlying endocrine diseases or dysfunctions be considered risk factors for poor prognosis once the infection has occurred? (3) Are there defined strategies to manage endocrine diseases despite pandemic-related constraints? Herein, the authors considered only relevant and more frequently observed endocrine diseases and disorders related to the hypothalamic-pituitary region, thyroid and parathyroid glands, calcium-phosphorus homeostasis and osteoporosis, adrenal glands, and gonads. Main. Data highlight the basis of some pathophysiological mechanisms and anatomical alterations of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced endocrine dysfunctions. Some conditions, such as adrenal insufficiency and cortisol excess, may be risk factors of worse clinical progression once the infection has occurred. These at-risk populations may require adequate education to avoid the SARS-CoV-2 infection and adequately manage medical therapy during the pandemic, even in emergencies. Endocrine disease management underwent a palpable restraint, especially procedures requiring obligate access to healthcare facilities for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Strategies of clinical triage to prioritize medical consultations, laboratory, instrumental evaluations, and digital telehealth solutions should be implemented to better deal with this probably long-term situation.
Keyphrases
- sars cov
- respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- healthcare
- coronavirus disease
- poor prognosis
- late onset
- risk factors
- emergency department
- long non coding rna
- early onset
- big data
- stem cells
- electronic health record
- oxidative stress
- liver failure
- machine learning
- quality improvement
- bone mineral density
- endothelial cells
- risk assessment
- bone marrow
- body composition
- intensive care unit
- diabetic rats
- growth hormone
- smoking cessation