Pharmacokinetics and anti-nausea effects of intravenous ondansetron in hospitalized dogs exhibiting clinical signs of nausea.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of intravenous (IV) ondansetron in a population of hospitalized dogs exhibiting clinical signs of nausea. The causes of nausea included pancreatitis, gastroenteritis, endocarditis, chemotherapy-induced nausea, diabetes mellitus and ketoacidosis, acute kidney injury with aspiration pneumonia, pyometra, uroabdomen, neoplasia, and hepatopathy. Twenty-four dogs were randomly assigned to one of the following IV ondansetron protocols: 1 mg/kg q12h, 0.5 mg/kg q12h, 1 mg/kg q8h, 0.5 mg/kg q8h. Serum was collected at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 h after the first dose, and nausea scores were recorded at multiple time points. Ondansetron and arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentrations were measured via high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry and ELISA, respectively. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic modeling and dose interval modeling were performed. Ondansetron displayed linear pharmacokinetics. In the 0.5 mg/kg group, mean C max  = 214 ng/ml, AUC 0-8h  = 463 ng/ml*h, and calculated half-life was 1.9 h. In the 1 mg/kg group, mean C max  = 541 ng/ml, AUC 0-8h  = 1057 ng/ml*h and calculated half-life was 1.6 h. Serum ondansetron concentrations were not significantly different between dogs that required rescue anti-nausea medication (non-responders) and dogs that did not require rescue therapy (responders). In total, 83.3% of patients in the 0.5 mg/kg q8h, 0.5 mg/kg q12h, and 1 mg/kg q8h groups had improvement in nausea scores. In total, 66.7% of patients in the 1 mg/kg q12h group had improvement in nausea scores. In total, 33% of patients had resolution of nausea in the 0.5 mg/kg q8h, 1 mg/kg q8h, and 1 mg/kg q12h groups, and 16% of patients had resolution of nausea in the 0.5 mg/kg q12h group. AVP concentrations were highly variable and did not correlate with nausea scores. Nausea scores significantly decreased regardless of dosage protocol. AVP was not a reliable biomarker of nausea in this group of dogs.