Hypothalamic deep brain stimulation as a strategy to manage anxiety disorders.

Fear is essential for survival, but excessive anxiety behavior is debilitating. Anxiety disorders affecting millions of people are a global health problem, where new therapies and targets are much needed. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is established as a therapy in several neurological disorders, but is underexplored in anxiety disorders. The lateral hypothalamus (LH) has been recently revealed as an origin of anxiogenic brain signals, suggesting a target for anxiety treatment. Here, we develop and validate a DBS strategy for modulating anxiety-like symptoms by targeting the LH. We identify a DBS waveform that rapidly inhibits anxiety-implicated LH neural activity and suppresses innate and learned anxiety behaviors in a variety of mouse models. Importantly, we show that the LH DBS displays high temporal and behavioral selectivity: Its affective impact is fast and reversible, with no evidence of side effects such as impaired movement, memory loss, or epileptic seizures. These data suggest that acute hypothalamic DBS could be a useful strategy for managing treatment-resistant anxiety disorders.