Phenothiazine-Tacrine Heterodimers: Pursuing Multitarget Directed Approach in Alzheimer's Disease.
Lukáš GóreckiElisa UliassiManuela BartoliniJana JanockovaMartina HrabinovaVendula HepnarovaLukas PrchalLubica MuckovaJaroslav PejchalJana Z KarasovaEva MezeiovaMarketa BenkovaTereza KobrlovaOndrej SoukupSabrina PetrallaBarbara MontiJan KorabecnyMaria Laura BolognesiPublished in: ACS chemical neuroscience (2021)
Since 2002, no clinical candidate against Alzheimer's disease has reached the market; hence, an effective therapy is urgently needed. We followed the so-called "multitarget directed ligand" approach and designed 36 novel tacrine-phenothiazine heterodimers which were in vitro evaluated for their anticholinesterase properties. The assessment of the structure-activity relationships of such derivatives highlighted compound 1dC as a potent and selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor with IC50 = 8 nM and 1aA as a potent butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor with IC50 = 15 nM. Selected hybrids, namely, 1aC, 1bC, 1cC, 1dC, and 2dC, showed a significant inhibitory activity toward τ(306-336) peptide aggregation with percent inhibition ranging from 50.5 to 62.1%. Likewise, 1dC and 2dC exerted a remarkable ability to inhibit self-induced Aβ1-42 aggregation. Notwithstanding, in vitro studies displayed cytotoxicity toward HepG2 cells and cerebellar granule neurons; no pathophysiological abnormality was observed when 1dC was administered to mice at 14 mg/kg (i.p.). 1dC was also able to permeate to the CNS as shown by in vitro and in vivo models. The maximum brain concentration was close to the IC50 value for acetylcholinesterase inhibition with a relatively slow elimination half-time. 1dC showed an acceptable safety and good pharmacokinetic properties and a multifunctional biological profile.
Keyphrases
- dendritic cells
- immune response
- stem cells
- type diabetes
- adipose tissue
- mesenchymal stem cells
- metabolic syndrome
- multiple sclerosis
- oxidative stress
- bone marrow
- spinal cord injury
- resting state
- high glucose
- skeletal muscle
- endothelial cells
- functional connectivity
- smoking cessation
- diabetic rats
- mild cognitive impairment