The Role of Adjuvant Systemic and Intravitreal Corticosteroids in Fungal Endophthalmitis Treatment.
Jamal AzhariPedro S TetelbomAhmed B SallamPublished in: Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) (2023)
Endophthalmitis refers to inflammation involving internal ocular structures, including the anterior and posterior eye segments, associated with infectious agents, most commonly bacteria and fungi. This review focuses on endophthalmitis caused by fungi. Medical and surgical management are the two main treatment modalities for fungal endophthalmitis, with medical management utilizing systemic or intravitreal antifungals. The use of systemic or intravitreal corticosteroids as an adjuvant treatment to dampen the severity of inflammation is controversial. Based on the pathobiology of fungal endophthalmitis as well as the mechanism of action of corticosteroids, it was hypothesized that corticosteroids affected the immune response against fungal infection. In vitro studies mostly carried out during the 1980s showed that dexamethasone plays a role in the suppression of phagocytosis of yeasts and demonstrated the facilitation of yeast proliferation by dexamethasone. In vivo studies analysis was compromised entirely of retrospective studies describing steroid use in fungal endophthalmitis, with the outcomes of the patients in these studies varying greatly and often being anecdotally noted, thus difficult to discern any definitive results. Given the limited clinical data and the heterogeneity of the existing studies, additional experimentation human studies with clinical trials or observations over more extended periods analyzing the effect of systemic and intravitreal corticosteroids in fungal endophthalmitis are needed before definitive conclusions can be drawn.
Keyphrases
- case control
- vascular endothelial growth factor
- clinical trial
- immune response
- cataract surgery
- healthcare
- diabetic retinopathy
- oxidative stress
- early stage
- endothelial cells
- low dose
- cell wall
- type diabetes
- age related macular degeneration
- machine learning
- high resolution
- newly diagnosed
- ejection fraction
- big data
- skeletal muscle
- cross sectional
- squamous cell carcinoma
- toll like receptor
- deep learning
- inflammatory response
- smoking cessation
- artificial intelligence