Rapid auditory and phonemic processing relies on the left planum temporale.

After initial bilateral acoustic processing of the speech signal, much of the subsequent language processing is left-lateralized. The reason for this lateralization remains an open question. Prevailing hypotheses describe a left hemisphere (LH) advantage for rapidly unfolding information-such as the segmental (e.g., phonetic and phonemic) components of speech. Here we investigated whether and where damage to the LH predicted impaired performance on judging the directionality of frequency modulated (FM) sweep stimuli that changed within short (25ms) or longer (250ms) temporal windows. Performance was significantly lower for stroke survivors (n = 50; 18 female) than controls (n = 61; 34 female) on FM Sweeps judgments, particularly on the short sweeps. Support vector regression lesion-symptom mapping (SVR-LSM) revealed that part of the left planum temporale (PT) was related to worse performance on judging the short FM sweeps, controlling for performance on the long sweeps. We then investigated whether damage to this particular area related to diminished performance on two levels of linguistic processing that theoretically depend on rapid auditory processing: stop consonant identification and pseudoword repetition. We separated stroke participants into subgroups based on whether their LH lesion included the part of the left PT that related to diminished short sweeps judgments. Participants with PT lesions (PT lesion+, n = 24) performed significantly worse than those without (PT lesion-, n = 26) on stop consonant identification and pseudoword repetition, controlling for lesion size and hearing ability. Interestingly, PT lesions impacted pseudoword repetition more than real word repetition (PT lesion-by-repetition trial type interaction), which is of interest because pseudowords rely solely on sound perception and sequencing, whereas words can also rely on lexical-semantic knowledge. We conclude that the left PT is a critical region for processing auditory information in short temporal windows, and it may also be an essential transfer point in auditory-to-linguistic processing.