Real-world comparative effectiveness of three single-inhaler dual bronchodilators for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

In a real-world setting of COPD treatment, the three dual bronchodilator combinations were similarly effective on the risk of a severe exacerbation of COPD. However, the vilanterol-umeclidinium and indacaterol-glycopyrronium combinations may confer slightly superior effectiveness than olodaterol-tiotropium on the risk of moderate or severe exacerbation. The potential lower mortality with vilanterol-umeclidinium warrants further investigation.