Impact of Exogenous dsRNA on miRNA Composition in Arabidopsis thaliana .

The application of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) to plant surfaces has emerged as a promising tool for manipulating gene expression in plants and pathogens, offering new opportunities for crop improvement. While research has shown the capability of exogenous dsRNAs to silence genes, the full spectrum of their impact, particularly on the intricate network of microRNAs (miRNAs), remains largely unexplored. Here, we show that the exogenous application of chalcone synthase ( CHS )-encoding dsRNA to the rosette leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana induced extensive alterations in the miRNA profile, while non-specific bacterial neomycin phosphotransferase II ( NPTII ) dsRNA had a minimal effect. Two days after treatment, we detected 60 differentially expressed miRNAs among the 428 miRNAs found in the A. thaliana genome. A total of 59 miRNAs were significantly changed after AtCHS -dsRNA treatment compared with water and NPTII -dsRNA, and 1 miRNA was significantly changed after AtCHS -dsRNA and NPTII -dsRNA compared with the water control. A comprehensive functional enrichment analysis revealed 17 major GO categories enriched among the genes potentially targeted by the up- and downregulated miRNAs. These categories included processes such as aromatic compound biosynthesis (a pathway directly related to CHS activity), heterocycle biosynthesis, RNA metabolism and biosynthesis, DNA transcription, and plant development. Several predicted targets of upregulated and downregulated miRNAs, including APETALA2 , SCL27 , SOD1 , GRF1 , AGO2 , PHB , and PHV , were verified by qRT-PCR. The analysis showed a negative correlation between the expression of miRNAs and the expression of their predicted targets. Thus, exogenous plant gene-specific dsRNAs induce substantial changes in the plant miRNA composition, ultimately affecting the expression of a wide range of genes. These findings have profound implications for our understanding of the effects of exogenously induced RNA interference, which can have broader effects beyond targeted mRNA degradation, affecting the expression of other genes through miRNA regulation.