Stromal Interaction Molecule 1 Promotes the Replication of vvIBDV by Mobilizing Ca 2+ in the ER.

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is one of the main threats to the poultry industry worldwide. Very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) is a fatal virus strain that causes heavy mortality in young chicken flocks. Ca 2+ is one of the most universal and versatile signalling molecules and is involved in almost every aspect of cellular processes. Clinical examination showed that one of the characteristics of vvIBDV-infected chickens was severe metabolic disorders, and the chemical examination showed that their serum Ca 2+ level decreased significantly. However, there are limited studies on how vvIBDV infection modulates the cellular Ca 2+ level and the effect of Ca 2+ level changes on vvIBDV replication. In our study, we found Ca 2+ levels in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of vvIBDV-infected B cells were higher than that of mock-infected cells, and the expression level of stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), an ER Ca 2+ sensor, was significantly upregulated due to vvIBDV infection. The knock-down expression of STIM1 led to decreased Ca 2+ level in the ER and suppressed vvIBDV replication, while the over-expressed STIM1 led to ER Ca 2+ upregulation and promoted vvIBDV replication. We also showed that the inhibition of Ca 2+ -release-activated-Ca 2+ (CRAC) channels could reduce vvIBDV infection by blocking Ca 2+ from entering the ER. This study suggests a new mechanism that STIM1 promotes the replication of vvIBDV by mobilizing Ca 2+ in the ER.