Expression of hypoxia-induced proteins in ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive cancer of the male breast.
Marijn A VermeulenCarolien Hm van DeurzenCarolien P SchroderJohn Wm MartensPaul J van DiestPublished in: Journal of clinical pathology (2019)
In conclusion, male DCIS frequently shows activated hypoxia response, comparable to male IC. This indicates that the activated hypoxia response previously seen in male IC is not a late bystander but likely a genuine carcinogenetic event.