Color associations in landscape design and subscription levels to these associations.

In the present study, a two-tiered research method was adopted. In the first stage, a literature review was conducted to determine the associations that landscape colors evoke in individuals and each association was converted into a statement for each color. The developed 5-point Likert-type scale was submitted for expert opinion (N = 200), and factor analysis was conducted on the findings to determine correlated sub-factors and categorized in the same factor. Thus, three factor groups were determined. Thus, the survey form that will be used in the second study stage was finalized. The factor analysis was also conducted to reduce the number of statements in the scale. Furthermore, 102 statements with a factor load of below 0.30 were excluded. Thus, the final scale included 34 associations in 3 dimensions. In the second stage, the final 5-point Likert-type survey form was applied to the expert group (N = 200) and the participants (N = 200) to determine the agreement of these two groups with the associations. Also, the differences between the agreement levels of the two groups with the associations and the differences between the associations were determined. The statistical analyses revealed that there was a difference between the mean association scores of the participant and the expert groups in 3 factor groups at 0.05 significance level (sig. 0.000, F = 34.432). The direction and size of the correlations between the factors were determined with the correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis was conducted to determine the effect of the factors on others, and it was determined that there was a positive significant correlation between 1st factor and agreement and a negative significant correlation between the 2nd and 3rd factor groups and agreement. The order of the factors that explained the variation in agreement was the 1st factor (ß = .332; p = 0.000), the 2nd factor (ß =  - .274; p = 0.000), and the 3rd factor (ß =  - .157; p = 0.001), respectively.