Immunotherapeutics in Multiple Myeloma: How Can Translational Mouse Models Help?
Rachel E CookeRachel KoldejDavid S RitchiePublished in: Journal of oncology (2019)
Multiple myeloma (MM) is usually diagnosed in older adults at the time of immunosenescence, a collection of age-related changes in the immune system that contribute to increased susceptibility to infection and cancer. The MM tumor microenvironment and cumulative chemotherapies also add to defects in immunity over the course of disease. In this review we discuss how mouse models have furthered our understanding of the immune defects caused by MM and enabled immunotherapeutics to progress to clinical trials, but also question the validity of using immunodeficient models for these purposes. Immunocompetent models, in particular the 5T series and Vk⁎MYC models, are increasingly being utilized in preclinical studies and are adding to our knowledge of not only the adaptive immune system but also how the innate system might be enhanced in anti-MM activity. Finally we discuss the concept of immune profiling to target patients who might benefit the most from immunotherapeutics, and the use of humanized mice and 3D culture systems for personalized medicine.
Keyphrases
- multiple myeloma
- mouse model
- clinical trial
- immune response
- healthcare
- papillary thyroid
- physical activity
- transcription factor
- randomized controlled trial
- stem cells
- single cell
- metabolic syndrome
- high fat diet induced
- mesenchymal stem cells
- adipose tissue
- cell therapy
- squamous cell
- bone marrow
- young adults
- open label
- insulin resistance
- study protocol
- phase iii