Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Traditional Chinese Medicines against Ischemic Injury in In Vivo Models of Cerebral Ischemia.
Chin-Yi ChengYu-Chen LeePublished in: Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM (2016)
Inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of acute ischemic stroke. In the ischemic cascade, resident microglia are rapidly activated in the brain parenchyma and subsequently trigger inflammatory mediator release, which facilitates leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in inflammation. Activated leukocytes invade the endothelial cell junctions and destroy the blood-brain barrier integrity, leading to brain edema. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) stimulation in microglia/macrophages through the activation of intercellular signaling pathways secretes various proinflammatory cytokines and enzymes and then aggravates cerebral ischemic injury. The secreted cytokines activate the proinflammatory transcription factors, which subsequently regulate cytokine expression, leading to the amplification of the inflammatory response and exacerbation of the secondary brain injury. Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), including TCM-derived active compounds, Chinese herbs, and TCM formulations, exert neuroprotective effects against inflammatory responses by downregulating the following: ischemia-induced microglial activation, microglia/macrophage-mediated cytokine production, proinflammatory enzyme production, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, matrix metalloproteinases, TLR expression, and deleterious transcription factor activation. TCMs also aid in upregulating anti-inflammatory cytokine expression and neuroprotective transcription factor activation in the ischemic lesion in the inflammatory cascade during the acute phase of cerebral ischemia. Thus, TCMs exert potent anti-inflammatory properties in ischemic stroke and warrant further investigation.
Keyphrases
- cerebral ischemia
- brain injury
- inflammatory response
- subarachnoid hemorrhage
- transcription factor
- anti inflammatory
- blood brain barrier
- poor prognosis
- oxidative stress
- acute ischemic stroke
- lipopolysaccharide induced
- endothelial cells
- lps induced
- toll like receptor
- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- signaling pathway
- diabetic rats
- dna binding
- binding protein
- epithelial mesenchymal transition
- patient safety
- staphylococcus aureus
- atrial fibrillation
- spinal cord
- cystic fibrosis
- escherichia coli
- white matter
- acute respiratory distress syndrome
- extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
- mechanical ventilation