Fluoroscopic lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections for recurrent herniated intervertebral disc after discectomy: Effectiveness and outcome predictors.

Transforaminal ESI was effective in reducing radicular pain in patients with recurrent HIVD. Approximately 54% of patients did not undergo reoperation. An extruded disc ratio ≥2.0 and paresthesia or motor weakness were poor outcome predictors.